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★★★★[英国大学]罗伯特哥登大学.埃塞克斯大学.雷丁大学.伦敦大学亚非学院.伦敦大学学院. 皇后玛丽大学 .布莱顿大学. 赫德福特大学. 谢费尔德哈拉姆 .格拉摩根大学. 斯特灵大学. 赫瑞瓦特大学. 布里斯托大学. 皇家霍洛维学院 .华威大学 伦敦大学亚非学院 伦敦大学学院 兰卡斯特大学 萨里大学 斯特灵大学 萨塞克斯大学 谢菲尔德大学 诺丁汉特伦特大学 格拉斯哥大学 拉夫堡大学 英国巴德明顿中学 圣心女子学校 伦敦大学亚非学院 伦敦大学学院 兰卡斯特大学 萨里大学 斯特灵大学 [语言萨塞克斯大学 谢菲尔德大学 诺丁汉特伦特大学 格拉斯哥大学 拉夫堡大学

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★★★★[马来西亚]林国荣学院 马来亚大学 精英大学 双科技国际大学 汝来国际学院 英迪学院 伯乐学院 百育灵学院 万达学院 第一工艺学院 史丹福学院

★★★★[爱尔兰]英语学习大学.香农酒店管理学院 沃特福德学院 唐道克理工学院 都柏林大学圣三一学院 利默瑞克大学 考克大学 卡洛理工学院 都柏林格里菲斯学院 都柏林商学院 都柏林美国学院 都柏林理工学院 都柏林城市大学 波特贝洛学院 健康和社会保健学院 爱尔兰幼儿师范学院 爱尔兰国立梅努斯大学 爱尔兰国立高威大学.爱尔兰国立都柏林大学 阿斯隆理工学院

★★★★[加拿大] 英属哥伦比亚大学 乔治布朗学院 尼亚加拉学院 亚岗昆学院 圭尔夫大学 康尼斯嘉学院 马拉斯比那大学学院 劳伦森大学 渥太华-卡尔顿教育局 南希坎贝尔学院 约克教育局 温哥华教育局

★★★★[韩国]高丽大学 延世大学 庆熙大学 中央大学 东国大学 祥明大学 梨花女大.成均馆 汉阳大学 首尔女大 檀国大学 光云大学 弘益大学 加图立大学 诚信女子大学 建国大学 庆南情报大学 灵山大学 东义大学 釜山国立大学 釜山外国语大学 金浦大学 江南大学 京畿大学 公州国立大学 南首尔大学 忠北国立大学 安东国立大学 启明大学 岭南大学 加耶大学 庆北国立 仁荷大学 江原道大学 鲜文大学 济洲岛产业情报大学

★★★★[新西兰] 新西兰Unitec理工学院.奥克兰大学 奥克兰理工大学 奥塔哥大学 、 新西兰维多利亚大学 梅西大学 怀卡托大学 林肯大学 新西兰坎特伯雷大学 坎特伯雷语言中心 剑桥中学 基督城语言中心 基督城英语学院 皇冠英语学院 新西兰多米尼英语学校 多米尼英语学校 丹尼丁英语学校 奥克兰语言中心

★★★★[新加坡]新加坡南洋理工大学 新加坡管理大学 新加坡国立大学 新加坡理工学院 新加坡共和理工学院 新加坡谈马锡理工学院 新加坡管理发展学院 新加坡南洋艺术学院.新加坡澳世敦管理及科技学院 詹姆斯库克大学新加坡国际校区 新加坡东亚管理学院 新加坡管理发展学院 新加坡英华美学院

★★★★[美国] 北达卡他州立大学 席勒国际大学 圣诺伯特学院 俄亥俄州立大学 密西西比大学 南新罕布什尔大学

★★★★[荷兰]蒂尔堡大学 .阿姆斯特丹自由大学 阿姆斯特丹大学 马斯特里赫特管理学院 格罗宁根大学 鹿特丹伊拉斯姆斯大学 屯特大学 代尔夫特理工大学 埃因霍芬理工大学 瓦格宁根大学 莱顿大学 乌特列支大学 马斯特里赫特大学 内梅亨大学 海牙社会学院 海牙大学 汉恩大学 阿姆斯特丹商学院 阿姆斯特丹国际大学 CHN莱瓦顿大学 NHL北方莱瓦顿管理学院 荷兰大学 萨克逊大学 鹿特丹商学院

★★★[法国] 格勒诺布尔大学集团 法国里尔高等商业学院 埃菲尔工程师院校集团 法国北方高等商学院 法国国立里昂第二大学 国立奥尔良大学 国立卡昂大学 国立克莱蒙费朗第一大学 国立图尔大学 法国南锡高等商学院 ART服装设计学院 国立里尔第三大学 法国国立昂热大学 国立缅因大学 国立兰斯大学

★★★★[芬兰]、 [瑞典]、[丹麦]、[挪威] ★丹麦院校 | 哥本哈根大学　奥胡斯大学　奥尔堡大学　尼尔森·布鲁克商学院 南丹麦大学　丹麦南西兰商学院　丹麦商业学院　罗斯基勒大学　丹麦科技大学 丹麦IBC 国际商学院　海宁商业工程学院　罗斯基勒商学院　丹麦教育大学 ★挪威院校 | 奥斯陆大学　挪威科技和自然大学　挪威卑尔根大学　特罗姆瑟大学 挪威农业大学　挪威商业学院　奥斯陆高等学院　斯坦万格大学　奥散德高等学院 基约维克高等学院　芬马克高等学院　哈斯塔德高等学院　海德马克高等学院 ★瑞典院校 | 吕勒奥大学　隆德大学　哥德堡大学　斯德哥尔摩大学　林雪平大学 查尔姆斯理工大学　瑞典皇家理工大学　达拉纳大学　严雪平大学　梅拉达伦大学 乌普萨拉大学　厄勒布鲁大学　韦克舌大学　卡尔斯塔德大学　哈尔姆斯塔德 ★芬兰院校 | 赫尔辛基大学　拉普兰塔理工大学　土尔库大学　坦佩雷理工大学 于韦斯屈莱大学　赫尔辛基理工大学　坦佩雷理工学院　赫尔辛基艺术与设计大学 奥卢大学　约恩苏大学　库奥皮奥　埃斯波-万塔理工学院　阿卡达理工学院......

我朋友以前给我推荐过一个网站，在上面可以找到各个国家的语言伙伴，你注册之后可以看见他们的个人信息，包括所在城市、职业、年龄、兴趣爱好等等等等。你可以选择自己喜欢的朋友，与他们交流，提高语言能力。

http://friends.foreignercn.com/public/home.jhtml

我注册之后认识了许多说英语的朋友，从他们那儿我学到了很多地道的表达。受益匪浅。现在也把这个网站介绍给你们，希望能够对你们有帮助。

具体的方法如下：

1、看电影学英语，但是要关掉字幕，同时尽量大声复述所有能够听懂的剧中对话

我得承认，对于一个英语听说能力不强的人，如果照做的话一开始的过程会非常的痛苦。很有可能的结果是一部电影下来什么也没有听明白。但是，请相信我，如果能够坚持这样做的话，那么在10部电影之后，就会听懂相当多的对白，并且能够复述听懂的对白中的一半。每一个人都有接受语言的本能，这个办法带有一点点强制性，但可以把我们的语言潜能发掘出来。

在一开始的时候，建议挑选一些曾经看过的影碟，这样会帮助你对英语原声的理解。另外，一定要保证每天，最多不超过两天就要看一盘碟片。另外，如果条件允许，那么最好自己在一个房间里面以避免干扰。

这个方法可以有效锻炼英语听说的基本功。

2、利用一切机会扩大自己的词汇量，但是先要扔掉4-6级考试标准词汇表

4-6级的词汇表对于扩大词汇量几乎没有价值，这个是我的个人之见。希望不要在这上面画太多的时间。如果看碟片的程度已经可以听懂一些对白的话，那么可以关注一下词汇，如果在一个段落中一个生词反复出现，那么可以打开英文字幕，然后查一下这个词的意思。花15s记住这个词，然后再看碟片，特别留意新词汇。这种方式，会让生词记忆的特别牢。对于感兴趣的咨讯，不妨多访问一些英文的站点。体育，娱乐，新闻，或者随便什么其他的，随意浏览即可。对于出现率高的生词，就查一下，然后记下来。

最后，要利用可能的机会记生词。注意广告、杂志、游戏和新闻中出现的每一个让自己感兴趣的词。比如，在乘地铁的时候，可以注意一下吴大维主持的Talk Da Talk短片，会有机会学到"Yellow cab"这样地道的表达。这是英语口语的内功，需要日积月累。

3、勇敢一点，不要怕和老外交流

今天在中国的老外已经非常的多了，我们的身边常常有机会合他们面对面。所有在中国的老外，都和我们一样。也希望多了解一些中国并希望学一些中文。很多时候阻碍我们去交流的其实是我们自己内心，害怕犯错误，害怕出洋相。不妨告诉各位我曾经出过多大的洋相：在两个瑞典女孩子询问我对瑞典人的看法的时候，我曾经让她们误认为我在嘲笑她们衣着滑稽-_-b；在我们第一位荷兰员工报道，需要填写一些表格的时候，我错误的翻译成需要他去修理一些桌子；我还曾经在一间酒吧里错误地进入了女厕所，退出来之后被一哥们儿怪笑着问我是不是走错了（后来我发现还有别人犯了同样的错误，那扇该死的门上根本没有任何标示，除非你进去，否则不会发现自己走错了）。

所以我想，各位大概不会犯更糟糕的错误了，既然如此，何不勇敢尝试呢。在和外国人的交流中才真正能够质的提高自己的英语口语能力。同时，和native speaker的对话中可以学到许许多多很地道的词汇，潜移默化中让我们的英语口语变得更地道。

4、坚持

我所提出的方法其实绝对不难，真正比较难以做到的是坚持。如果能够坚持下来六个月的话，我相信那个时候你的口语能力一定会令自己感到惊讶的。

在我自己的英语口语学习博客上，我以连载的方式在纪录我从我的荷兰朋友兼同事那儿学来的许多既地道又有趣的表达。在这里，大家可以看到一些对于日常表达有用的东西。

　　1991年，汪榕培先生将“中国英语”定义为“它是中国人在中国本土上使用的、以标准英语为核心、具有中国特点的英语”。

　　你能说出下面的“中国英语”的使用场合以及所对应的中文吗？

　　001. How do I address you?

　　002. May I have your venerable age?

　　003. Where have you been earning your fortune lately?

　　004. What are you up to lately?

　　005. Have you had your dinner?

　　006. What brings you here today?

　　007. What honorable business brings you here?

　　008. What's your animal in the 12 Earthly Branches?

　　009. Are you going to sweep the tomb?

　　010. Where are you going to pay a New Year call?

　　011. Would you like another round?

　　012. Feel better?

　　013. What are you sore about recently?

　　014. Do you think she is my type?

　　015. Don't blame me for not reminding you then.

　　016. Do be careful in your outward time.

　　017. Look out!

　　018. Don't count on me.

　　019. Be sure to remember it next time.

　　020. Behave yourself.

　　021. Don't try any tricks!

　　022. Don't fall for it!

　　023. Please look out when the bus pulls in!

　　024. May you be prosperous!

　　025. Cheers!

　　026. Can I take a rain check!

　　027. I am sorry to have bothered you too much!

　　028. Thank you very much for your time.

　　029. Fancy meeting you here!

　　030. I have heard so much about you.

　　031. You are flattering me!

　　032. You shouldn't have gone to such expense.

　　033. Now you can enjoy a life free from worries and cares.

　　034. Pardon me for not seeing you off!

　　035. A good guy always enjoys Heaven's protection.

　　036. I wish you good health and the very best of luck in everything in the New Year.

　　037. May your fortune be as boundless as the East Sea and may you live a long and happy life!

　　038. Have fun!

　　039. Good luck!

　　040. Congratulations!

　　041. After you.

　　042. It's not worth your mentioning.

　　043. We're all friends. No need for unpleasantness.

　　044. Health comes first.

　　045. Don't be obsessed by it.

　　046. Children will naturally have their own blessings. You should look on the bright side of things.

　　047. You needn't worry about it at all.

　　048. You must have a tiring journey.

　　049. Well done. You've got a hard job!

　　050. You are something great to be a boss!

　　051. How cute she/he is!

　　052. It is hard to find such a wonderful son-in-law!

　　053. That girl is in terrific shape!

　　054. It's said that you can hold your liquor.

　　055. He shows filial obedience to his parents!

　　056. You have good taste in your clothes.

　　057. Where can such an outstanding woman be found?!

　　058. I didn't know you are such a good cook.

　　059. She is a pearl among women! She keeps housework and business in balance!

　　060. He is an easy-going person and never puts on airs.

　　061. You are just being polite!

　　062. Wow! You are really something!

　　063. That's extremely cool!

　　064. Cheer up!

　　065. Go for it!

　　066. You can make it!

　　067. I'm behind you.

　　068. I wouldn't come to you if I hadn't anything to ask of you.

　　069. No hard feelings, please!

　　070. No crying, OK?

　　071. You are kidding!

　　072. Come on!

　　073. Come on, let me off this time!

　　074. Allow me.

　　075. You two are close. Please say something for me.

　　076. Don't be obsessed by such small things.

　　077. Cool it!

　　078. Don't worry! I'll keep an eye open for you.

　　079. I aim at small profits and quick returns. I will lose money if I cut the price down.

　　080. You call the shots!

　　081. The work is rather tough. You will have to take the trouble of going there to see about it.

　　082. Can you pull some strings for me?

　　083. Would you please give me a break?

　　084. I count on you this time, buddy!

　　085. Do keep it in your mind, sir!

　　086. Could you run that by me again?

　　087. Now's bad time. Can we do it later?

　　088. None of your business!

　　089. I'll suffer from excessive internal heat after eating such things.

　　090. OK, don't choose whatever is to your personal advantage.

　　091. A straight man does nothing underhand.

　　092. I can't agree with you there!

　　093. I have only met him once.

　　094. Great minds think alike.

　　095. It's still up in the air.

　　096. I was not born yesterday.

　　097. Everyone has his own taste.

　　098. So what?

　　099. No way!

　　100. It is a deal.

　　101. Who cares?

　　102. You can say that again!

　　103. Shut up!

　　104. You bet!

　　105. Got out of it!

　　106. Not really.

　　107. No wonder!

　　108. Up to you!

　　109. But a lot people of the old generation are still particular about that.

　　110. Don't take what he said seriously. He just likes to tease everyone.

　　111. I have never gone crawling to anyone.

　　112. I don't want to hurt your feelings, but on no account will I engage in such an under-the-counter business.

　　113. I'll fix you up.

　　114. It sounds great!

　　115. That's tolerable!

　　116. I really don't want to make an exhibition of myself.

　　117. I'm absolutely not cut out for dancing.

　　118. No problem!

　　119. You have my word.

　　120. Count me in.

　　121. I will explain it and satisfy you all.

　　122. When I act, you can set your heart at ease.

　　123. I hope you won't mind our slips!

　　124. Please don't take offence if you don't get a good treatment here.

　　125. What in the world are you talking about?

　　126. It sucks!

　　127. A man of your eminence often has a short memory.

　　128. You all belong to the same bunch.

　　129. Don't give me the runaround. You'd better put your cards on the table.

　　130. It takes all kinds to make a world.

　　131. It seems as if I had owed you a lot during my last life.

　　132. Well, well, well, how dare you set me up!

　　133. You should have told me earlier!

　　134. You acted in a fooling way!

　　135. Isn't it ridiculous?

　　136. Are you kidding?

　　137. You may know a person's face but not his heart.

　　138. What the hell have you done?

　　139. Stop foaming with rage at me.

　　140. Your words are somewhat caustic.

　　141. Don't make such caustic remarks.

　　142. What you said is a bit too far!

　　143. Today I'll settle accounts with you.

　　144. You asked for it!

　　145. Don't give me that!

　　146. What a loss of face!

　　147. How can you always be sore with me?

　　148. I quit!

　　149. Watch your mouth. Do you know whom you're talking to?

　　150. When your father knows that, you'll be in for it.

　　151. If you don't work hard, I won't go easy on you.

　　152. Do as you see fit.

　　153. Just wait and see!

　　154. You will get more than you bargained for. (You will land yourself in serious trouble.)

　　155. Try me!

　　156. Be careful of what you say!

　　157. Don't you dare!

　　158. I'll fix you later.

　　159. I'll sort you out sooner or later.

　　160. Stop trying my patience.

　　161. It's just a little expression of gratitude.

　　162. What a blessing from heaven!

　　163. One should repay several fold kindness that one received in times of difficulty.

　　164. Well, allow me to propose a toast to express my gratitude.

　　165. This one's on me!

　　166. My treat.

　　167. Come on, let's go and have a drink!

　　168. I'll have my wedding ceremony on National Day. Are you free to attend the party and have a drink?

　　169. Do come to have a drink together as a celebration of the first month of my son's birth nest month.

　　170. Free for an outing?

　　171. It is a long story!

　　172. It is bustling here.

　　173. I'm full.

　　174. I'm single.

　　175. I screw it up.

　　176. He is weird!

　　177. I'm in a hurry!

　　178. I didn't mean it.

　　179. Never mind.

　　180. In a minute!

　　181. Beats me.

　　182. I am thinking of fixing you up with him.

　　183. I'm really fed up with her.

　　184. Lao Li has just returned from abroad. We are giving him a dinner of welcome.

　　185. It's quite a job for him to fool me.

　　186. It's a joyous event. You should give her a generous gift on your first meeting.

　　187. There are many cases like that nowadays.

　　188. So far, so good.

　　189. I have no other choice.

　　190. I am all ears to you!

　　191. Bingo!

　　192. What a good deal!

　　193. No question, no surprise.

　　194. I will never let you out.

在语速较快的时候，为了方便应用产生了失音和连读现象。在四六级听力考试部分出现出现的尤其频繁。这是四六级听力考试中难点所在。掌握好失音和连读是听懂和说一口地道美语的前提。

 学习方法：失音连读规则繁琐细致，逐条记忆会耗费大量时间。本文将各种情况归纳列表附在本篇后，只需在浏览过规则以后将列表和例句通读几遍，便能自然掌握各种失音连读情况和培养出较强的英语语感，从根本上提高语言使用能力。

失音：

失音，顾名思义就是某一个或者几个音脱落，把单词短语和句子快速连缀成串。

单词间的失音有四种类型。

类型一：前一词以“持续音＋/t/ /d/”结尾，后一词以辅音开头，则其中/t/ /d/失音
其中包括：/st/+辅音 /ft/+辅音 /Ft/+辅音 /nd/+辅音 /ld/+辅音 /zd/+辅音 /Td/+辅音 /vd/+辅音 /Wt/+辅音 /md/+辅音 /Nd/+辅音 /nt/+辅音 /lt/+辅音

类型二：前一词以 “破音/擦音+ /t/ /d/”结束，后一词以辅音开头，则其中/t/ /d/失音
其中包括： /pt/+辅音 /kt/+辅音（如完结于skt则脱k而不是t） /tFt/+辅音 /bd/+辅音 /gd/+辅音 /dVd/+辅音 /Vd/+辅音
注：后一词如始于h则/t/ /d/很少脱落

类型三：动词否定结尾的缩写形式 n’t 中的/t/失音 （无论后一词以元音还是辅音开头）

类型四：前一词以/t/ 结束，后一词以/t/ 或 /d/开头，则前面的/t/往往失音。

另外，不完全爆破虽然没有归纳到失音类型里来，但实质上也存在不发音现象。
如果前面单词结尾和后面单词开头是两个或者同一个破擦音( /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ ) 则前一音保留口型和发音时间却并不发音。但是听者能感到这个音的存在。

连读：

连贯讲话自然会出现连读现象，在中文中也同样存在，例如传统的北京方言。连读主要出现在意义联系较紧的词，如冠词与名词，数词和名词，动词与副词，连接词与代名词之间。语义自然停顿的地方不用连读。

连读类型：

类型一：辅音与下一个单词的元音连缀，使全句连贯。

类型二：单词以元音结尾，则在元音后加上/r/音以便和下个单词起首元音连缀。
据伦敦出版的第十三版Pronouncing Dictionary 记载，元音间连读情况多出现在以/E/ /iE/ /Z[/ /B:/ /E:/ /C:/结尾的词后。

类型三：后单词以h开始，则前面单词结尾音直接与后面单词的元音连读, 此处h很少发音。

要知道英语中微弱的发音差别会完全改变单词的意思。使用这份最容易发错音的单词列表来避免各种可能的误解！

Limb / Limp: 注意这些单词的最后的字母！limb是你的手臂，腿，或者树的主干而且“b”是不发音的。但你的手臂或脚受伤时，你就limp 。“p餐”是发音的。

Said / Set: 一定要发清楚"d" 和 "t"这两个音。Said是 is 动词to say（说或发声）的过去时。Set是一个动词，意思是“做好准备”或“放在特定的位置”。例如I said I would set the table.

Zen / Then: 操练这里"z" 和"th" 的发音。Zen是宗教冥思的一种形式。Then是指“在那时”，“在那以后”，或“那样的话”。例如I went to a class about Zen, then I went home.

Loose / Lose:注意"s"和"z" 的音。Loose以一个轻微的 "s" 结尾，意思是‘不紧’。当你lose什么东西是指东西找不到了。重读lose中的"z"的音。例如My ring is loose, I'm afraid I'll lose it.

Statue / Stature: 注意单词的结尾！statue 是指一个人或动物的巨大的雕像并且尾音发"chew"。Stature值得是某人的身高或是他的权利及声誉。尾音和"chur."更接近。例如：We honor historical figures of great stature with statues.

Quite / Quiet / Quit:这三个单词并不象他们看起来的那么难！只要注意原音部分就好。Quite听起来象"kwite" 而且常用来强调－指“完全”，“真的”和“在某个程度上”（I'm quite alone, I'm quite sure）。Quiet（kwi-et）意思是“没有杂音” －象在图书馆。Quit（kwit）意思是“停止”“放弃”或者“离开”。例如 I quit playing loud music and now it's quite quiet.

Suggestions

First, we need to learn words repeatedly with increasing intervals between learning sessions. Here, the most important term “increasing” intervals, 就是说这个间隔的时间要恰当。I will explain it later. （按照适当的时间间隔来温习新学的单词。）

The second we should have the words. We have the words we want to learn with us whenever we go. So if we want to learn these words, we should have these words with us. So we can make full use of our time learning these words. （时时刻刻，利用边边角角的时间去复习生词。）

The third is set aside a regular time for vocabulary learning. （留出专门的时间用于单词学习。）

The last one, spend more time on the words you find difficult. All these suggestions are not new to you, I guess. But you might find something new later. （对疑难词汇进行重点攻关。）

Suggestion One

Ok. The first one. Increasing intervals. Now research in psychology shows that we do not forget things gradually. You see a psychologist did research. Most of our forgetting occurs within 20 minutes after we have first learned something. More is forgotten with one hour. Still more within 8 hours. After 8 hours, the rate of forgetting stays surprisingly steady. You see, we do not forget things gradually, bit by bit. Bit by bit. It’s not the case. So we forget more in the first 8 hours. （心理学研究者做过一个测试：我们最易遗忘的时间段是我们接触新知识后的头20分钟。之后的1个小时我们又会忘记一些，然后8小时内又忘记一些。过了8小时，我们的遗忘速度就会趋于稳定。也就是说，遗忘是一点一点发生的，前8个小时忘得最快。）
 
So what should we do? What should we do? And actually, I will suggest you should do revision everyday when you first learn the new words. And then you may spend some time review the words once in a week. Then later on, once in a month. So increasing intervals, I mean you learn frequently at the very beginning. Then gradually, you can delay a little bit. The interval is longer and longer. But still you have to review them. Now this is the first suggestion. Increasing intervals. （针对这种遗忘规律，文教授提议：接触新单词之后，起初反复记忆，然后逐步拉长复习的时间间隔。）

Suggestion Two

The second suggestion is make full use of “dead” time. Dead. Why I use the word in the quotation marks? The “dead” time. Now when I say “dead” time, I mean those time is not useful any more. You know, when you are walking on the way, when you are in a bus, when you are, let me see, when you are lying on the bed before you sleep. All these time can’t be used for very important things. But you can make full use of “dead” time to learn some words. And you can use your vocabulary notebook, you can use your electronic dictionary, just very small, learn few words every day. Every day. Try to use this kind of time learning words, eventually your vocabulary will be expanding quickly. （利用一切可以利用的时间。行走中，公车上，睡觉前......这些相对来说不能做重要事情的时间段，你就可以分心用来背单词。一天记几个，积少成多，你就会发现自己的单词量突飞猛进。）
 
You do not need whole day learning vocabulary. Don’t do in this way. And you may use just small amount of time every day. Let’s say, in the morning, 20 minutes, in the afternoon, 20 minutes, in the evening, 20 minutes. Suppose you want to spend one hour, you’d better separate it into three sessions, 20 minutes each. Suppose you want to learn vocabulary half an hour a day, maybe you’d better divide them into two sections, 15 minutes a section. Don’t put them together. （不要成天成宿地背单词，花费大段大段的时间记单词会降低学习效率。如果你每天计划利用1个小时背单词，那么就把这1个小时拆分成早、中、晚三部分，每次安排20分钟背单词。）
 
And then every day you learn a little bit. Then eventually, at the end of the week, you have spent about half an hour putting all these words together, go over them. Later I will mention, don’t go over all the words. You have to select some of them to focus your attention. Now electronic dictionary also is a good way to learn words, because there is a sort of file for you to put those difficult words, right? Just put in your pocket. You can learn them anytime you can do it. （一天记一点，周末抽出半小时有侧重点地巩固一周的学习成果。可以利用电子辞典的归档功能筛选出疑难词汇，然后放在身边随时翻阅。）
 
Suggestion Three

And suggestion 3. And my suggestion is daily revision. Ten minutes a day. Weekly revision. One hour a week. Monthly revision. One hour a month. So that intervals, the first is a week, the next is a month. （除了学习新单词，还要注意复习这些单词。一天十分钟，一周一小时，一个月一小时——以这种频率不断温习这些单词，必能收到良好的效果。）

Suggestion Four

And the final suggestion is to spend more time on the words you find difficult. I found some students would like to go down a list from the first to the last, trying to memorize each one. You’ve got a vocabulary list. From first to the end. From the first to the end. Every day, they follow the same pattern. （重点记忆自己认为比较难的单词。不要年复一年地拿着词汇大纲从头看到尾。）
 
Now there are two problems for this kind of practice. The words at the top of the list tend to be remembered better. Then the words further down. Right? Time is wasted on the words that have been learned. What can be done? I’ll give you an example. This example is given by a researcher. （不要把复习单词的时间浪费在已经记住的单词上面。）
 
Now I give you the footnote there. Suppose you have got these new words in one text: rewarding, frustrating, junior, positive, senior, opportunity, online, technology, participate, virtual, virtual classroom. Ok. You’ve got so many words. Suppose all these words you are asked to learn. And you remember them at the end of the day. Let’s say. In the evening, you remember them. And tomorrow you go over them again. You found you forgot many of them. You only remember few of them. （举例来说，粗体部分是你要学习的新单词。头天你学习完毕，第二天复习的时候你发现只记住了其中的几个，却忘记了大多数。）
 
So what should you do tomorrow? Should you go over them from the beginning to the end again? No. So this is the suggestion. If you, suppose you remember these words, junior, positive, senior, online, virtual, if you remember these words, put these words in another column. And then you only focus on, next day, you only focus your attention on the remaining five words. Don’t go over ten words again. Focus on five words. Ok. （那么，你不必再复习已经掌握的部分【比如说粗体标出的单词】，你只需复习你没有记住的另5个单词。）
 
So you classify these words into three types. If you are familiar with them, you review them once. And then you review them once in a week. If you review them once in a week, no problem at all. You put them in a monthly column. So you review them once for a month. （你可以做一张三列的表，三列的标题分别为：daily， weekly 和monthly。起初，所有的单词都放在daily这列，第二天复习的时候，记住的单词就可以挪到weekly这列，如果周复习的时候你仍然记得它们，就可以将之挪到monthly这列。）
 
But for those words, if you can not remember daily, you have to review them again and again. But the words become fewer and fewer. Not so many. So you can focus your attention on those things which are very difficult for you. This work makes learning more efficient. （如果放在daily栏中的单词始终记不住，那么就让它们始终呆在daily栏中，天天强化记忆。坚持使用这种方法，你会始终关注你最需要关注的单词，提高效率不说，你也会发现daily栏中的单词最终全部挪到monthly栏中，并永远刻在你的脑海中，一辈子无法遗忘。）

People believed for a long time that the heart was the center of a person's emotions. That is why the word heart is used in so many expressions about emotional situations.

One such expression is to "lose your heart" to someone. When that happens, you have fallen in love. But if the person who "won your heart" does not love you, then you are sure to have a "broken heart." In your pain and sadness, you may decide that the person you loved is "hard-hearted," and in fact, has a "heart of stone."

You may decide to "pour out your heart" to a friend. Telling someone about your personal problems can often make you feel better.

If your friend does not seem to understand how painful your broken heart is, you may ask her to "have a heart." You are asking your friend to show some sympathy for your situation. Your friend "has her heart in the right place" if she says she is sorry, and shows great concern for how you feel.

Your friend may, however, warn you "not to wear your heart on your sleeve." In other words, do not let everyone see how lovesick you are.  When your heart is on your sleeve you are showing your deepest emotions.

If your friend says, "my heart bleeds for you," she means the opposite. She is a cold-hearted person who does not really care about your situation.

In the ever-popular motion picture, The Wizard of Oz, the Tin Man seeks a heart. He wanted to feel the emotion of love, and was seeking help from the powerful Wizard of Oz to find a heart.

The cowardly lion, in the same movie, did have a heart. But he lacked courage and wanted to ask the Wizard of Oz to give him some. You could say that the cowardly lion was "chicken-hearted." That is another way of describing someone who is not very brave. A chicken is not noted for its bravery. Thus, someone who is chicken-hearted does not have much courage.

When you are frightened or concerned, your "heart is in your mouth." You might say, for example, that your heart was in your mouth when you asked a bank to lend you some money to pay for a new house.

If that bank says no to you, do not "lose heart."  Be "strong-hearted." Sit down with the banker and have a "heart to heart" talk. Be open and honest about your situation. The bank may have a "change of heart." It may agree to lend you the money. Then you could stop worrying and "put your heart at rest."

(MUSIC)

This VOA Special English program, WORDS AND THEIR STORIES, was written by Marilyn Christiano. I'm Rich Kleinfeldt.

解析：
　 第一句： and 连接两个并列的谓语，所以 talk 应改为 talked。
　 第二句：and 连接两个并列的动词不定式，第二个不定式往往省略to，因此sang 应改为 sing。
　 第三句：and 连接感观动词saw 后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构，因此whisper应改为whispering。
注意：and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。（or也有此用法）

　　 Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.
　 = If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.
　　 One more effort, and you'll succeed.
　 = If you make one more effort, you'll succeed.

2)　both …and　两者都
　She plays (both) the piano and the guitar.

3)　not only…but (also), as well as不但…而且）
　　　She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.

　 注意： not only… but also 关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。
　　 Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.

　4)　neithe…nor 意思为"既不……也不……"谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的词保持一致。
　　　Neither you nor he is to blame.
 
20.2 比较and和or 
 
　1) 并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。

　2) 但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：
　　 There is no air or water in the moon.
　　 There is no air and no water on the moon.
　在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。

典型例题
　---I don't like chicken ___ fish.　
　---I don't like chicken, ___ I like fish very much.
　A. and； and　 B. and； but　C. or； but　D. or；and
　答案C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表转折。

判断改错：
　　(错) We will die without air and water.
　　(错) We can't live without air or water.
　　(对) We will die without air or water.
　　(对) We can't live without air and water.
　
20.3 表示选择的并列结构 
 
　1) or　意思为"否则"。
　　 I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam.

　2) either…or　意思为"或者……或者……"。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。
　　 Either you or I am right.